一、Intracellular compartmentation All Eukaryotic Cells Have the Same Basic Set of Membrane-enclosed Organelles Intracellular membrane system increases membrane area to host biochemical reactions, intra

一、Membrane potential A membrane potential arises when there is a difference in the electrical charge on the two sides of a membrane K+ Ion Solution inside and outside the cell is electrically neutra

一、Principles of membrane transportProtein-free lipid are impermeable to ions. Two main classes of membrane transport proteins: channels and transporters. Active transport is mediated by transporters c

一、MembranesMembrane protein functionsmembrane proteins are amphiphilic, having hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions 1. Selectively PermeableBased on the molecule size and charge steroids are large mole

The cell membrane defines the outer limit of cells The limiting membrane of the cell is the plasma membrane (PM). The PM separates the content of the cell from the environment. Selective barrier Imp

一、Isolation of cellsIsolated and cultivated cells are commonly used to study cell biology HeLa cells were the first immortalized human cell line (1951) Virtually all cells can be grown in vitro (几乎所

一、MicroscopyLight microscopy: based on visible light rays and glass optics, most common are “transparency” microscopes where light goes through object (stained with specific dyes or not stained); ther

一、Cell TheoryDiscovery of Cells1. 1665 - Robert HooksIn 1665, Robert Hooke saw a network of tiny box-like compartments that he described “… much like a Honey-comb, but that the pores of it were not re

一、ER importStructure of ER All eukaryotic cells have an endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Its membrane typically constitutes more than half of the total membrane of an average animal cell Thus, the ER and n

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